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Post by brobear on Mar 24, 2017 2:33:24 GMT -5
The Great Bear Almanac by Gary Brown... A grizzly bear was observed moving aside to avoid a skunk. "A mountaineer friend of Seton's ( Ernest Thompson ) told of two wolverines driving a black bear from the remains of an elk," noted Adolph Murie. Murie observed a wolverine chase a grizzly bear off a carcass and, according to another reliable account, a Russian brown bear was driven away from a carcass by a wolverine. Frank Dufresne relates the story of a thirty-pound wolverine accosting a grizzly bear on a narrow trail. The bear was ten times the size of the wolverine, but when the wolverine screeched, the young bear departed.
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Post by brobear on Mar 24, 2017 2:43:15 GMT -5
Behaviour
Grizzly bears are generally shy animals who try to avoid confrontation unless provoked or surprised. They are most dangerous when they are protecting a kill or when a female protects her young (Ministry of Environment, 1996). Females must show a great level of ferocity when defending their cubs as male grizzlies, which are much larger than females, will on occasion kill and eat a cub. Grizzlies live a generally solitary life, only living in groups when a mother is nurturing her young. A grizzly bear, although travelling on its own, requires a great deal of land to sustain itself. The home range (area in which it lives and roams) of a grizzly can be up to 2600 km2, but this does not mean each grizzly personally controls this plot of land as home ranges overlap frequently (Dewey and Ballenger, 2002). Grizzlies will typically forage and hunt during morning and evening hours, taking a nap in the afternoon and sleeping during the night. In the summer following breeding season the bears eat much more food to build fat and prepare for a long hibernation. Grizzlies enter their dens in late November to early December and will emerge in March or April.
Although grizzly bears, like other brown bears, are classified as carnivores, they are in fact omnivores. Much of a grizzly's diet comes from berries, bulbs, roots, fruits, nuts as well as insects (Dewey and Ballenger, 2002). They are also adept hunters and can catch a variety of animals and fish depending on where they live. Grizzlies use their powerful digging skills and long claws to catch rodents and small mammals from their dens or holes. Hunting adult elk, moose or caribou is too dangerous for grizzlies, but one will never hesitate to eat a carcass that it finds. On the other hand, a gizzly will actively hunt elk, moose or caribou calves. Coastal bears rely heavily on salmon as their source for food (Mowat, 2006). They swim and stand in rivers flooded with salmon and catch the fish in their mouths. Grizzlies in the Yellowstone region show interesting feeding behaviour as for a time in the summer, their diet consists of almost exclusively of army cutworm moths.
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Post by brobear on Mar 24, 2017 2:47:41 GMT -5
www.atlasobscura.com/articles/this-rare-bear-gathering-in-montana-might-have-been-a-family-reunion This Rare Bear Gathering in Montana Might Have Been a Family Reunion Thirteen grizzlies, all hanging out at once. By Cara Giaimo NOVEMBER 02, 2016 Most of the time, wild grizzlies are independent creatures. New moms and cubs excepted, they tend to hunt alone, hibernate alone, and wander the forests solo. But a week ago, a grizzly management specialist named Mike Madel was out bear-tracking in Montana when he found not two, not three, but thirteen grizzlies, all hanging out. "I don't know if anyone has really observed that many bears together before," Madel told the Great Falls Tribune. The bears, mostly mothers and young cubs, seemed healthy and relaxed, bedding down in the snow in the foothills of a local ranch. Biologists across the state tried to figure out why they were so close together despite a lack of obvious draws, like a large quantity of food. One, Wayne Kasworm, speculated that it may have been a family reunion. "That's at least one of the theories out there, [that] these bears have some relationship with one another in terms of [being] mother-daughter and possibly even grandmother," he said. But bears are mysterious creatures, and it's tough to deduce their motives. Were they celebrating a bear holiday? Attending a conference? Grouping up to early vote? "Quite frankly," Kasworm says, "we don't know for sure." Every day, we track down a fleeting wonder—something amazing that's only happening right now. Have a tip for us? Tell us about it! Send your temporary miracles to cara@atlasobscura.com.
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Post by brobear on Mar 24, 2017 11:35:21 GMT -5
Grizzly.
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Post by brobear on Apr 25, 2017 4:33:16 GMT -5
Notorious Grizzly Bears by W.P. Hubbard - 1960 - Ferocity. The fierceness of the grizzly is a subject upon which two hunters seldom agree, due to the fact that few hunters really understand the animal. The grizzly, with few exceptions, is a very curious, intelligent, courageous, and dignified animal, and not the ferocious and dangerous one he is often portrayed to be. His curiosity drives him to do impulsive things which frequently have involved him in trouble. The results cause him to be falsely accused of many things of which he is guiltless, or had no intention of doing. At heart, as close observations of his actions have shown, he desires only to be left alone.
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Post by brobear on Apr 25, 2017 4:44:03 GMT -5
Continued.... A study of the reports of famous western explorers, from the time of Lewis and Clark to present-day hunters, shows that charging grizzly bears, except in isolated cases, were first angered, surprised at close quarters, harassed, or shot at by the party attacked. In many of the latter cases, the bear first tried to escape. This entry of May 6, 1805, from the Lewis and Clark journals, proves that even in their time all grizzlies when shot did not charge: "Captain Clark and one of the hunters met the largest brown bear ( grizzly ) we have seen. As they fired it did not attempt to attack, but fled with the most tremendous roar." ... The wounded grizzly is a fighter and especially so if encountered at close quarters and cornered, or thinks itself to be. When a grizzly is shot, the hurt naturally causes rage, which invariably brings on a direct charge; this I repeat again, if the bear is at close quarters.
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Post by brobear on Apr 30, 2017 3:57:08 GMT -5
Notorious Grizzly Bears by W.P. Hubbard - 1960 - Bear Facts and Fun. Having had the good fortune to observe various species of bear in their different moods, I am convinced there is as much individuality among bears as among people. Where one will do one thing under a given circumstance, another bear under a similar circumstance will do the opposite. They are cautious and crafty, alert and curious, dignified and playful, as conditions permit or demand. Consequently, one can always expect the unexpected from brother bear.
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Post by brobear on May 3, 2017 6:57:50 GMT -5
BEHAVIOR & ECOLOGY (Craighead 1979) (Craighead et al 1995) (Garshelis 2009) (Huber & Roth 1997) (Kurt 1990) (McLellan & Hovey 2001) (McLoughlin 2002) (Murie 1985) (Pasitschniak-Arts 1993) (Servheen 1993) (Schwartz 2003) (Weber 1986) (Wilson & Mittermeir 2009) Activity Cycle (Pasitschniak-Arts 1993) (Garshelis 2009) (Schwartz 2003) North American Brown Bears mostly diurnal (but active in day and night when food is scarce) Less active in day in areas with high human population In Europe, mostly nocturnal due to human presence; young bears more active in day (before having negative experiences with humans) Active at night in summer Active season is compressed into a 5-7 month period Often build day beds for resting in hidden places with good visibility near feeding locations (Pasitschniak-Arts 1993) Have a yearly cycle of four main behavioral and biochemical changes Hibernate in winter; period varies according local climate Farthest north habitats: up to 7 months On Kodiak Island (mild winters) males may not even den If resources are poor before hibernation time, bears may not have enough body fat to den After denning, for 10-14 days in "walking hibernation" Normal activity May - September Fat accumulation in fall season; food intake and weight increases significantly Territory Size (McLellan & Hovey 2001) (Pasitschniak-Arts 1993)
Home range size varies mainly with food resources. (Garshelis 2009) Smallest - 200 sq km (77 sq mi) for males, 100 sq km (37 sq mi) for females in coastal area with abundant food Largest - 8,000 sq km ( 3089 sq mi) for males in Arctic tundra Female home range is smaller than male Other determinants of territory size Age, sex, social status, health Foraging habits Amount of cover, landscape topography, location of sleeping day beds and dens sites Nearness of possible mates Brown Bears defend no territory. Males and females occupy overlapping home ranges. Young female disperse to home ranges 9.8 km (6.1 mi) from mother's home range Males disperse up to 30 km (18.7 mi).
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Post by brobear on Jan 17, 2018 13:53:00 GMT -5
www.discovery.com/tv-shows/north-america/top-10/north-americas-top-10-most-fearsome-predators-grizzly-bear/ Grizzly Bear As Peter Gabriel once said, "If looks could kill they probably will." For our money, there may be no more intimidating sight on Earth than a grizzly on two legs coming at you full speed. But it's not the looks that kill in this case. Also known as the silvertip bear or North American brown bear, its common name refers to "grizzled" or gray hairs in its fur. The name originated with naturalist George Ord in 1815. (Learn more.) Unlike most predators, who seem to sense their own limitations, no creature is beyond a grizzly's reach. They will attack large prey like moose, deer, sheep, elk, bison, caribou, and even black bears without a second thought. And the water is no refuge either, since a grizzly has a taste for salmon, trout, and bass. Think you're too small for them to bother with you? Tell it to the ladybugs, ants and bees that they consume by the hundreds and thousands. In short, any encounter one has with a hungry or angry grizzly is likely to be be mercifully short ... but unmercifully brutal.
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Post by brobear on Mar 1, 2018 22:15:54 GMT -5
By Grrraaahhh - shaggygod.proboards.com/ Certain behavioural, ecological, morphological, and physiological differences between grizzly/brown bears and black bears are related to the different habitats favored by each species. It is suggested that care of black bear cubs and hence reproductive success for black bears is tied to the forest biome, and that the grizzly/brown bear in branching out from the forest onto non-treed areas such as tundras, grasslands and prairie edges, gained rich new food sources, but also became more aggressive than the black bear, a behavioural adaptation to the cub care in this new habitat. Herrero, S., 1972. Aspects of evolution and adaptation in American black bear (Ursus americanus Pallus) and brown and grizzly bears (Ursus arctos Linne.) of North America. Int. Conf. Bear Res. Manage. 2, 221–231. "To survive in open habitat, a mammal must be able to defend itself from predators or be fast enough to escape them. Consequently, as the body size of some bear species increased, they probably occupied more open habitat for longer periods, and were able to increase the proportion of vegetation in the diet. Their larger size also made them better able to defend themselves from predators. As the diet became progressively more vegetative, there would have been continuing pressure for body size to increase so enough vegetation could be ingested and processed to substitute for a high quality diet of animal material. Larger body size also made it possible to travel more in search of patchy food resources and to store and carry more fat with which to survive during periods of seasonal or unpredictable food shortage. With increased body size and well-developed canines, some bears were able to kill ungulates and other mammals, defend carrion from competitors, and protect themselves from other predators. Through this unique combination of being able to be predators, scavengers, and herbivores, they were able to exploit several food bases." "A vegetative diet alone is not a sufficient stimulus to produce large size, as is illustrated by several successful taxa of small mammals. Small animals are more vulnerable to predation than are large ones so they need to remain adjacent to escape habitat such as holes in the ground, trees, or thick vegetation. To survive in open habitat, a mammal must be able to defend itself from predators or be fast enough to escape them. Consequently, as the body size of some bear species increased, they probably occupied more open habitat for longer periods, and were able to increase the proportion of vegetation in the diet. Their larger size also made them better able to defend themselves from predators. As the diet became progressively more vegetative, there would have been continuing pressure for body size to increase so enough vegetation could be ingested and processed to substitute for a high quality diet of animal material. Larger body size also made it possible to travel more in search of patchy food resources and to store and carry more fat with which to survive during periods of seasonal or unpredictable food shortage. With increased body size and well-developed canines, some bears were able to kill ungulates and other mammals, defend carrion from competitors, and protect themselves from other predators. Through this unique combination of being able to be predators, scavengers, and herbivores, they were able to exploit several food bases." "Small predators are restricted to small prey, so that one benefit of being large is that an animal can kill both small and large prey (Gittleman 1985). For example, brown bears are capable of taking advantage of relatively small animals such as ground squirrels and salmon in circumstances where their abundance makes such behavior energetically or nutritionally worthwhile (e.g., Stonorov and Stokes 1972, Murie 1981). Even so, the ratio between the size of the bear and its prey may be misleading since the predator's large size may be necessary to move heavy stones or earth to catch ground squirrels or to stay warm while standing in cold water for protracted periods while fishing for salmon. In the case of the more carnivorous bear species, their maximum size may have been influenced by the maximum size of generally available prey, as will be discussed below." Dr. Blaire Van Valkenburgh Bears are unusual members of the order Carnivora, an order which also includes cats, dogs, weasels, civets, and hyenas on land, and seals, sea lions, and walruses in the sea. With the exception of the highly predacious polar bear, bears tend to be the most herbivorous of the carnivores, feeding on fruits and tubers more often than prey. Moreover, all eight species are large, with the smallest of them, the sun bear, weighing more than the wolf, the largest of the canids. Indeed, the polar bear and Kodiak brown bear are currently the largest of all carnivores. Males of these species occasionally weigh in at up to 800 kilograms (1,760 pounds), nearly the size of an adult male bison. Surprisingly, the large size of bears is not achieved through the rapid growth of cubs. In comparison with other carnivores, newborn bear cubs are tiny relative to their mothers and grow slowly. All bears have a large head with small ears followed by massive shoulders and a short back and | tail, all of which are supported on thick limbs and broad paws. Compared with big cats, bears have longer snouts and shorter, stiffer backs. Relative to large dogs, bears have bulky legs and much more spreading feet. Unlike these other carnivores, and more like humans, bears walk on the soles of their hindfeet, with their ankle joint positioned just above the ground. This condition is called plantigrade, and differs from the digitigrade posture of cats and dogs, in which the “soles” of the feet are elevated, along with the ankle, and only the toes touch the ground. To understand why bears are built so differendy from cats and dogs, it is essential to explain the benefits of digitigrade feet. Running around on your toes in a digitigrade posture is advantageous if speed is important. Speed is the product of stride length and stride frequency. Raising the ankle adds length to the part of the limb that determines stride length, that is from the shoulder or hip to the point of contact with the ground. Longer limbs take bigger strides, and digitigrade posture is therefore typical of mammals designed to run. Digitigrade animals also tend to have relatively long bones, or metapodials, making up the sole of the foot, adding further to total limb length. In addition, their limb muscles are much thicker close to the hip or shoulder joint, and taper towards the toes as long, elastic tendons. This construction reduces muscle mass near the ankles and feet, where the limb travels farthest during locomotion, and thus reduces inertial effects. A The skeletons of a bear and a domestic dog illustrate the difference between plantigrade and digitigrade postures. The dog is digitigrade, standing on its toes with the soles of its feet (metapodials) off the ground. By contrast, the soles of the bear's hindfeet are flat to the ground, as in humans, giving it a plantigrade posture. The forepaws of the bear are sermi-digitigrade, with the metapodials in an intermediate position. Digitigrade animals tend to be faster than plantigrade animals, in part because their posture results in their limbs being relatively longer. If one imagines the additional energy required to walk or run with ankle weights or heavy shoes, then the drawbacks of heavy feet become clear. There are yet further benefits to runners in having long tendinous muscle attachments. Tendons are elastic and act as energy-saving springs when running. They are stretched as the limb is flexed under the weight of the animal and then rebound, propelling the body forward and upward. So, digitigrade posture, long metapodials, and compact muscles with stretchy tendons are typical of carnivores built for speed. Bears are clearly not built for speed. Although their forefeet are semi-digitigrade, their hind-feet are plantigrade. Moreover, their metapodials are short and their muscles thick throughout the length of the limb. In many ways, bears are built more like badgers than other similar-sized carnivores, such as tigers, and it shows in their speed. The top speed recorded for both black and brown bears is 50 kilometers (30 miles) per hour, whereas the range for the fully digitigrade lion and wolf is 55 to 65 kilometers (35 to 40 miles) per hour. If bears are not built for speed, then what does the combination of massive limbs, plantigrade hindfeet, cumbersome paws, and a short back provide? Strength and mobility of limb movement are the answers. The stout limbs of bears are capable of producing large forces over a much greater range of motion than those of dogs or even cats. Bears use these capabilities when digging for food or shelter, fishing for salmon, climbing to escape danger, and battling with members of their own species as well as other predators. Imagine a wolf trying to perform a bear hug or climb a tree. Dogs have forfeited these abilities in favor of speed. Cats are more like bears in their range of possible movements, but lack strength. Bears may not be able to outrun danger, but can successfully defend themselves through brute force.
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Post by brobear on Mar 8, 2018 6:18:41 GMT -5
www.lewis-clark.org/article/1040 T he present-day grizzly is still the grizzly. Animals evolve, but they evolve very, very slowly. There's been no genetic change. Even what we call the plains grizzly, and the barren-ground grizzly, just grizzly bears that lived out there–genetically–behaviorally they learned things differently, and they did things differently. I think what we've got today is the same grizzly bear that Lewis and Clark encountered, genetically. But I think behaviorally we've got a somewhat different animal. They've learned about—the Gary Larsen cartoon—what a rifle is, and stuff like that. I think in many cases they hear engines, a truck, or a vehicle, they've had bad experiences, or they've watched other bears, or elk, or something, run when they hear an engine coming. So they move away from exposed areas. We don't see them because they heard us coming, and that relates to a bad experience either to them or some other animal, and they move out, and we don't see them. So, behaviorally they've learned to be shyer of us than they were in Lewis and Clark's day. I think they have probably quite a bit more respect for the two-legged bear, which is fine. That's the way they should respond to us, and I think that's what we require from them, that they don't push it. That if they find a way out they back out. Well, there's always the occasional grizzly about that won't do that, but I think, partly, we haven't done the research that's necessary in that area of behavior. I think bears are capable of altering their relationships with us even further. There are a few people out there who are doing research of that nature now, where they walk around out in the woods with wild bears. The bear gets used to them as another bear that's not competing with them, and seem to appreciate the company. That kind of research scares me because a lot of people misinterpret it, and go out there too soon with too little information. I think people doing that research must be extremely careful. I think some day we're going to have a much better relationship with bears, and be able to live with them more compatibly, but if people go too far too fast, without adequate information, they actually can work against that. But I see some glimmers of promise out there, that we will do that kind of research, that we will have a different relationship with bears, more like the coastal bears have with other bears. You know—"There's salmon to be caught. Let's not argue." I think we're going to go that way with bears. There's something about human beings—we like to do that. We did it with songbirds—we used to eat songbirds, then we gave them special status. Then we did it with things like whales. And I think we're going to do it with things like wolves and bears, too. We're going to give them a special status. I think we're going that way. I'm not sure just where it will lead, but it's very interesting. I think that that might happen. —Charles Jonkel
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Post by tom on Mar 8, 2018 8:46:51 GMT -5
www.lewis-clark.org/article/1040 The present-day grizzly is still the grizzly. Animals evolve, but they evolve very, very slowly. There's been no genetic change. Even what we call the plains grizzly, and the barren-ground grizzly, just grizzly bears that lived out there–genetically–behaviorally they learned things differently, and they did things differently. I think what we've got today is the same grizzly bear that Lewis and Clark encountered, genetically. But I think behaviorally we've got a somewhat different animal. They've learned about—the Gary Larsen cartoon—what a rifle is, and stuff like that. I think in many cases they hear engines, a truck, or a vehicle, they've had bad experiences, or they've watched other bears, or elk, or something, run when they hear an engine coming. So they move away from exposed areas. We don't see them because they heard us coming, and that relates to a bad experience either to them or some other animal, and they move out, and we don't see them. So, behaviorally they've learned to be shyer of us than they were in Lewis and Clark's day. I think they have probably quite a bit more respect for the two-legged bear, which is fine. That's the way they should respond to us, and I think that's what we require from them, that they don't push it. That if they find a way out they back out. Well, there's always the occasional grizzly about that won't do that, but I think, partly, we haven't done the research that's necessary in that area of behavior. I think bears are capable of altering their relationships with us even further. There are a few people out there who are doing research of that nature now, where they walk around out in the woods with wild bears. The bear gets used to them as another bear that's not competing with them, and seem to appreciate the company. That kind of research scares me because a lot of people misinterpret it, and go out there too soon with too little information. I think people doing that research must be extremely careful. I think some day we're going to have a much better relationship with bears, and be able to live with them more compatibly, but if people go too far too fast, without adequate information, they actually can work against that. But I see some glimmers of promise out there, that we will do that kind of research, that we will have a different relationship with bears, more like the coastal bears have with other bears. You know—"There's salmon to be caught. Let's not argue." I think we're going to go that way with bears. There's something about human beings—we like to do that. We did it with songbirds—we used to eat songbirds, then we gave them special status. Then we did it with things like whales. And I think we're going to do it with things like wolves and bears, too. We're going to give them a special status. I think we're going that way. I'm not sure just where it will lead, but it's very interesting. I think that that might happen. —Charles Jonkel Yep, we must find a way for man and Grizzly to co-exist. Give him his space, for the Grizzly Bear IMO is the symbol of all things wild in nature.
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Post by brobear on Mar 15, 2018 5:42:40 GMT -5
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Post by tom on Mar 16, 2018 7:53:04 GMT -5
So... now that Santa is deceased, does that mean Christmas is canceled next year?
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Post by brobear on Mar 16, 2018 9:44:29 GMT -5
Naw... Old Saint Nick never really dies. He and his 10 reindeer will be right up there on your rooftop on Christmas Eve night. Believe.
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Post by brobear on Sept 27, 2018 7:25:21 GMT -5
In the Shadow of the Sabertooth by Doug Peacock. Where people and grizzlies both occupied the landscape, how did they get along? There is no early record. Brown bear live in Siberia but the grizzly is more aggressive than his Asian cousin, perhaps suggesting that the Siberian side of Beringia was a less formidable place to live than Alaska.
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Post by brobear on Oct 9, 2018 10:16:29 GMT -5
TRUE GRIZZ by Douglas H. Chadwick. "Doug Chadwick is one of our country's most eloquent and compassionate and informed biologists, a core of wisdom and experience." "I have a master's degree in wildlife biology." VITALS Common Name: Grizzly bear. Also known as: Silvertip, Bear That Walks Like a Man, Old Ephraim. Names of some local forms: Golden bear ( California, gone by the 1920s ), yellow bear ( Mackenzie region, Canada ), Toklat grizzly ( interior Alaska; light gold coat with chocolate feet ), brownie/big brown bear ( coastal British Columbia and Alaska ), Kodiak ( Kodiak Island, Alaska ).
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Post by brobear on Oct 9, 2018 10:29:47 GMT -5
VITALS continued: Scientific Name: Ursus arctos horribilis. The species Ursus arctos, called the brown bear, is distributed around the Northern Hemisphere. Eurasian populations occur from Scandinavia to Russia's Pacific shores and as far south as northern India, Iran, and Spain. North America has a variety of identifiable races and ecotypes. Most experts classify them together as the subspecies horribilis. This includes the big bears of Kodiak Island and brown bears of the Pacific mainland coast, as well as the interior brown bears whose fur more often has the frosted, or grizzled, appearance that gave rise to the label "grizzly". It is a common and accepted practice to refer to all New World brown bears as "Grizzly". Note: This just set a new rule for me ( I love learning new facts ). From now own... I will only refer to American brown bears as Grizzly.
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Post by brobear on Oct 9, 2018 11:05:22 GMT -5
TRUE GRIZZ by Douglas H. Chadwick. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS: Large size; wide, dished face; prominent muscular hump above the shoulders; long, whitish, slightly curved claws. These traits distinguish grizzlies from the far more common North American species, Ursus americanus, which is smaller, with a narrower head and much shorter, more strongly curved claws. Though known as the black bear, it comes in brown, cinnamon, gold, bluish, and even white color phases as well. Adult Weight: From 250 pounds ( smallish females, Rocky Mountains ) to 1,800 pounds ( exceptional males, Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak Island. Adult Length: 6 to 9 feet. Adult Height at Shoulders: 3 to 4 feet. Claw Length: 3.5 to 4 inches. Top Speed: 30 to 35 miles per hour, with rapid acceleration. Age at First Breeding: 3 to 4.5 in marginal habitat. Breeding Seasons: May or June; early July in the far northern range. Birthing Seasons: January or early February. As in the weasel ( or mustelid ) family, reptoduction in grizzlies involves delayed implantation. The embryo ceases development soon after conception and remains dormant until about November, when it becomes implanted in the wall of the uterus and resumes growing. Birth takes place two months later in the female's winter den, a dark, protected - womblike - environment, for continued early development. Birth Weights: Just 1 to 1.5 pounds. The infant is nearly hairless, and its eyes remain closed for the first 10 days or longer. Litter Size: 2 to 4. Twins are typical, triplets not uncommon, quadruplets somewhat rare. Duration of Mother-Cub Association: 1 to 4 years; 2 or 3 is usual. Interval Between Births: 2 to 4 years; most often 3. Longevity: 25 to 30 years. One wild female in Montana, whose age was confirmed by counting annual tooth cementum layers, lived to be at least 35. Intelligence: Keen, with rapid learning and strong long-term memory. Emotions: Highly developed, varied, and potent. Sociability: Semisolitary. Apart from the mother-young bond, associations are mostly transient, related to courtship and sharing of concentrated food supplies such as spawning salmon.
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Post by brobear on Oct 9, 2018 13:05:20 GMT -5
Typical Home Range ( in square miles ). North Pacific Coast - Females: <50 / Males: <100 Rocky Mountains - Females: 50-300 / Males: 200-500 Actic Barrengrounds - Females: 500+ / Males: 800+
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