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Post by brobear on Jul 24, 2021 4:37:43 GMT -5
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S207815201630027X Behavior of Brown Bears During Feeding in the Sikhote-Alin Abstract Feeding methods and habits of brown bear in Sikhote-Alin are varied and specific for each type of feeding behavior depending on the composition and condition of food, its availability and abundance, season, animal's sex, age, physical condition, personal preferences and experience, the presence of competitors and disturbance from other predators and humans. A feature of the feeding behavior of bears in Sikhote-Alin is consumption of the remains of meals of tigers. 1- Feeding on Herbaceous Vegetation. 2- Feeding on Soft Fruit. 3- Feeding on Nuts and Acorns. 4- Feeding on Products of Forest Vegetation. 5- Digging Out Burrows and Nests. 6- Procuring Animals From Wood and Tree Hollows. 7- Search For and Procurement of Small Animals in the Surface Soil. 8- Predation on Ungulates. 9- Feeding on Carrion and Prey of Other Predators. 10- Behavior Near Prey or Carrion. 11- Consumption of Man-made Feed.
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Post by brobear on Sept 23, 2021 3:31:11 GMT -5
www.futura-sciences.us/dico/d/zoology-ussuri-brown-bear-50003924/ Description of the Ussuri brown bear The Ussuri brown bear is known as the black grizzly, as it has a strong but darker resemblance to its American counterpart. It is smaller than its cousin, the Kamchatka brown bear. Ancestors of this large plantigrade migrated to Alaska about 100,000 years ago to form the current grizzly population. It is also called the horse bear as it is high on its legs. Its body and skull are long and straight, its fur is thick smooth, and its wide paws have long claws.
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Post by brobear on Oct 13, 2021 21:35:17 GMT -5
Weight of the Ussuri brown bear These 8 adult males ages 8 to 13 averaged 257.50 kg ( 567 lbs ), the average head and body length is 211.63 cm. But if we only take into consideration the 5 bears ages 9+,we get an average weight of 286.4 kg ( 631.40 lbs ).
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Post by brobear on Oct 13, 2021 21:42:04 GMT -5
Two she-bears 9+ years old average 414.47 pounds.
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Post by brobear on Nov 17, 2021 0:09:37 GMT -5
www.expresstorussia.com/experience-russia/types-of-russian-bear.html The Ussuri Brown Bear has always been close to the Russian people. In times gone by, it was worshipped as a deity. When an Ussuri bear came wandering into a village, as they often did in search of a tasty bite, the villagers would conduct a ceremonial killing. Everything, from the poor bear’s teeth to his blood and meat, were eaten, drunk or dried up to use as “medicine”. Though today the news may report of bears “terrorizing” villages, in those times, the villagers would save the pelt of the bear and pray to it in the hope that it might attract yet another bear into the village! More recently, female Ussuri bears and their cubs have repeatedly been discovered closely following local fishermen in the Shiretoko Peninsula, bordering China, where the Ussuri Bears are most densely populated. Companionship, not food, seems to be the mother bears’ only motive. Since the mother bears started coming closer to humans around fifty years ago not one instance of aggressive behaviour has ever been reported; and the Ussuri bears are almost as big as their close cousins, the Kamchatka giants! Zoologists theorize that the mothers seek humans so as to safe guard their cubs from cannibal males who wouldn’t dare to approach people.
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Post by OldGreenGrolar on Nov 17, 2021 3:05:34 GMT -5
/\ Judging from that post, could it be the presence of hunters that deterred Chamlid?
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Post by brobear on Mar 25, 2022 6:16:41 GMT -5
3 February 2020 Human injuries and fatalities caused by brown bears in Russia, 1932–2017 bioone.org/journals/wildlife-biology/volume-2020/issue-1/wlb.00611/Human-injuries-and-fatalities-caused-by-brown-bears-in-Russia/10.2981/wlb.00611.full We compiled, summarized and reviewed 338 cases of people killed or injured by brown bears from 1932 to 2017 in Russia, home of about half of the world's brown bears. During the Soviet period, 1932–1990, hunters and outdoor workers were injured/killed by bears more frequently than people engaged in other activities, 28% and 19% among all incidents, respectively. However, after 1991, people who gathered wild resources, hiked or were within human settlements were most affected (22, 16 and 15%, respectively). Single bears were involved in most of the incidents before and after 1991 (76% and 74% of the cases, respectively). In 1991–2017, the post-Soviet period, when data availability was better, bear-caused injuries and fatalities (264 records) occurred more often on the Russian Pacific Coast (111 incidents) and in Siberia (109 incidents) than in European Russia (44 incidents), where human encroachment in bear habitat is higher. During the same period, the percentages of fatalities were not significantly different among the areas; 39% in European Russia, 49% in Siberia and 50% on the Pacific Coast. Casualties occurred mainly during daytime and especially in summer and autumn. In 182 incidents with known probable causes, bears most frequently attacked when provoked or disturbed (38%) and surprised (21%), but 18% of the incidents seemed to reflect bear predatory behavior. Hence, we encourage researchers and wildlife managers to develop educational programs on large carnivore biology and behavior and to better manage human activities in bear country in order to minimize human–bear conflicts in Russia and elsewhere. Large carnivores help maintain biodiversity and ecosystem functions (Ripple et al. 2014). Nevertheless, the beneficial impacts of large carnivores on ecosystems do not operate in isolation from people and human activities (Graham et al. 2005). Large carnivores sometimes attack livestock (Zimmermann et al. 2005) and even humans (Thirgood et al. 2005). Habitat loss and degradation (Miquelle et al. 2010) and human population growth with resultant encroachment into previously inaccessible locations (Herrero et al. 2011) have contributed to more frequent human–carnivore encounters around the globe. Human–carnivore conflicts have been indeed a part of the history and evolution of both humans and carnivores (Camarós et al. 2016). Human attitudes towards large carnivores are complex and the intensity of human–large carnivore conflicts is dependent on a variety of environmental, social and personal factors (Swenson et al. 1995, Røskaft et al. 2003). Although usually rare, large carnivore attacks on people are the most dramatic form of human–carnivore conflict (Knight 2000). Large carnivore attacks often elicit biophobic responses among people (Røskaft et al. 2003), which in many instances has caused serious declines in carnivore populations (Woodroffe et al. 2005). The great interest in brown bear Ursus arctos attacks demonstrated by the media, has amplified the negative perception of brown bears (Craighead and Craighead 1971) and consequently jeopardizes species management and conservation (Kojola et al. 2018). For this reason, numerous studies have analyzed human–brown bear incidents in North America (Shelton 1994, Herrero and Higgins 2003, Penteriani et al. 2016, Smith and Herrero 2018) and Europe (Nyholm 1989, Swenson et al. 1999, De Giorgio et al. 2007, Støen et al. 2018), describing factors involved in incidents and their prevention.
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Post by brobear on Mar 25, 2022 6:17:58 GMT -5
Human injuries and fatalities caused by brown bears in Russia, 1932–2017 - continued: Numbers of human–bear incidents have increased recently in Europe and North America, because of increasing bear abundance and growing numbers of people engaging in outdoor activities, hunting and inappropriate human behavior in bear country (Penteriani et al. 2016, Smith and Herrero 2018, Støen et al. 2018). However, some bears in North America have demonstrated predatory behavior (Graf et al. 1992, Shelton 1994). In Scandinavia, the number of people injured or killed annually by bears increased with the growing bear population size during the last four decades, but this was true only for hunters, i.e. the increase in the bear population size did not correlate with incidents affecting unarmed people (Støen et al. 2018).
Human–brown bear coexistence remains quite enigmatic in the Russian Federation, hereafter Russia, where about half of the world's brown bears live (McLellan et al. 2017). Only 4% of the total number of scientific publications on brown bears in ISI, the Web of Knowledge, came from Russia (n=4553, based on a search on 27 September 2018, using the search term ‘brown bear'). Therefore, better knowledge on brown bears in Russia is crucial to inform bear conservation and management of human activities at the worldwide scale.
Both the brown bear population size and the number of casualties have been growing in Russia (Baskin and Barysheva 2016). Bear behavior and rates of bear-caused casualties have been reported to vary geographically, with a higher occurrence of incidents in Siberia and on the Pacific Coast than in European Russia (Vaisfeld et al. 1993), although the latter includes regions characterized both by large human populations and some bear densities as high as on the Pacific Coast (Komissarov and Gubar 2013). Previous studies found that people were injured more often when cubs were present or bears were wounded and/or followed by hunters than by single and uninjured bears (Baskin 1996). Soviet and Russian studies (Pazhetnov 1990, Suvorov 1991, Revenko 1994) concluded that minimizing human disturbance in bear country, as well as prevention of bear food-conditioning and habituation, were necessary measures to avoid economic damage and improve human safety. The main objective of our study was to investigate the circumstances associated with brown bear attacks and whether the pattern of the attacks varied across areas of Russia, which has potential implications for the conservation-oriented management of brown bears on the worldwide scale, given the high percentage of the world's brown bears that inhabit Russia. Furthermore, this knowledge can also help inform conservation and management of other large carnivore populations.
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Post by brobear on Mar 25, 2022 6:18:29 GMT -5
Table 1. Differences among main areas within Russia (European Russia, Siberia and the Pacific Coast) in average human population, brown bear population (Russian estimates), percentages of protected area, forest cover and paved road density between 1991 and 2017, as well as main bear food items during hyperphagia. Summarized data from Zavatskyi and Shevtsov 1991, Vaisfeld et al. 1993, Federal Agency of Geodetics and Cartography 2007, FSSS 2017, 2018a, Gorlova 2017.
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Post by brobear on Mar 25, 2022 6:20:18 GMT -5
Material and methods Study area Russia occupies 17.1 million km2, with a human population of 146 804 400 (FSSS 2017). We classified the 83 administrative regions into three main areas; European Russia, Siberia and the Pacific Coast, which differ in their densities of brown bears, humans and paved roads, levels of human disturbance, abundance and variety of bear food items during hyperphagia, and percentages of forest and protected areas (see Table 1 for further details). The study area covered 14 biomes, including tundra, taiga, deciduous and mountainous forests, alpine tundra and meadows. Between 1932 and 2017, bear casualties have been recorded in 44 of the 83 administrative regions. Study species The brown bear population in Russia was estimated at 132 000 individuals in 1992 (Chestin 1997). According to the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, it increased to 245 100 individuals by 2017 (Gorlova 2017). In contrast, another state agency reported a recent abrupt decrease in brown bear numbers, from 225 100 in 2015 to 143 000 in 2017 (The Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation 2018). Bragina et al. (2015) suggested that the reportedly increasing bear population in recent decades was a result of changes in bear monitoring methods, which included annual surveys, surveys on established plots and oat fields, and written surveys completed by hunters (Komissarov and Gubar 2013). Nevertheless, officially reported population numbers should be treated with caution; the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) recently estimated that about 100 000 brown bears inhabit Russia (McLellan et al. 2017), i.e. the IUCN estimation is barely half of the Russian estimates.
The number of legally hunter-killed bears also increased in recent years (FSSS 2018b). Hunting quotas allow an annual harvest of 3–15% of the population at the regional scale, depending on regional bear numbers and conservation status (hunted or red-listed populations) (Gubar 2007). However, only about one-third of the annual national brown bear quotas have been filled since 2004 (Komissarov and Gubar 2013). Numbers of issued hunting licenses have remained low even in Siberia, in spite of its high bear population (Zyryanov et al. 2011). Besides the seemingly low impact of legal hunting, poachers may have killed from 5000 to 12 000 bears per year in 2003–2007 (Gubar 2007) and more bears annually than hunters with bear licenses between 2008 and 2013 (Komissarov and Gubar 2013). *Much more to be seen on site provided.
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Post by brobear on Apr 28, 2022 11:32:40 GMT -5
Posted by Shadow ( 2020 ); I find this interesting also because of the study I noticed recently concerning brown bears living in Hokkaido (I shared it in brown bears thread). They are considered by some to be same subspecies as Ussuri brown bears and some think, that different population. They had a lot of bears around 400 kg and a few even bigger (up to 520 kg). These things seem to back up claims, that Ussuri brown bears are, what comes to size, somewhere in between ”normal” inland brown bears and brown bears with access to salmon rivers. While Hokkaido brown bears have been quite isolated it´s natural to assume that the bears living in Russian far east have more genetic variation nowadays. But maybe still producing some really big ones more often than most other brown bear subspecies/populations. *Quote: "They had a lot of bears around 400kg ( 881.85 pounds ) and a few even bigger up to 520 kg ( 1,146.40 pounds ).
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Post by brobear on Jun 4, 2022 5:18:34 GMT -5
Ussuri or Amur brown bear www.bearconservation.org.uk/ussuri-or-amur-brown-bear/ Accepted scientific name: Ursus arctos lasiotus (Gray, 1867). Description: Similar to the Kamchatka brown bear (Ursus arctos beringianus) but generally darker in colour with a more elongated skull and less elevated forehead. Males can be up to twice the size of females ranging in weight from around 200 to 600 kg. ( 441 to 1,323 pounds ). Range: Heilongjiang Province and the Amur Oblast, Northeast China; five isolated regional populations on Hokkaido, Japan; Ussuri and Amur river region south of the Stanovoy Mountains, Russia (borders with China); Sakhalin Island and Kunashiri, Etorofu and Iturup Islands in the Kuril Islands chain, Russia (immediately north of Hokkaido) and the Shantar Islands, Russia. Some authorities believe that the bears found on Hokkaido and on Kunashiri and Etorofu Island in the Kuril chain are a separate subspecies, the Hokkaido Brown Bear, (Ursus arctos yesoensis). Habitat: Forests, mountainous regions and coastal areas. Status: Overall Ursus arctos is classified as of least concern by the IUCN but most if not all of the Ussuri subspecies seem vulnerable and in decline. Only a few bears remain in North Korea where they are listed as a National Monument and protected. About 500 to 1,500 are present in Heilongjiang and are classed as a vulnerable species. On Hokkaido the small western Ishikari subpopulation is listed as an endangered species in Japan’s Red Data Book.In 2015 the Hokkaido local government estimated the total population on the island at 10,600 bears. Life span: Unknown but assumed to be around 20 to 30 years in common with other brown bears in the wild. Food: The diet of these omnivorous bears varies according to the local availability of foodstuffs and includes nuts, pinenuts, berries, acorns, pine bark and sap, grasses and their rhizomes, lilly and other roots and bulbs. Meat includes fish, small and sometimes large mammals, birds, larvae, ants and other insects. Although encounters are rare, Ussuri brown bears will attack Asiatic black bears but fatalities have not been recorded. Undoubtedly black bears will be eaten as carrion if found. Ussuri brown bears will feed on Amur (Siberian) tiger kills and are themselves a prey animal of the tigers. *Note: only juvenile and adult female Ussuri brown bears are prey animals of tigers. There is evidence to suggest that, in Japan at least, U a lasiotus is moving towards a largely herbivorous diet (see “More Information” below). Behaviour:. The bears den in the winter, mainly in excavated burrows or within rock outcrops but also in nests built on the ground. They are solitary except during mating and when with cubs. Cubs are born in the winter den and will remain with the mother for two to three years during which time she will not become pregnant again. Females are sexually mature at around three years of age. Threats: Legal hunting in Russia and Japan and poaching across the range. The illegal body parts trade, some animals may be taken for use in bear-baiting, loss of habitat and associated human conflict particularly in Hokkaido, Japan. *Note: notice that tigers are not listed as a threat because bears make-up such a miniscule percentage of a tiger's diet.
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Post by OldGreenGrolar on Jul 12, 2022 15:36:47 GMT -5
Society, 10/05/2020 09:47 Photo: FGBU "Reserved Podlemorie" Employees of the "Reserved Podlemorye" told about the "change of power" At the northernmost part of the taiga of the "Reserved Podlemorye" in Buryatia, the "owner" has changed. - We previously talked about the "owner" of the northernmost part of the taiga of the "Reserved Podlemorye", a very large and over-aged bear. Camera traps registered his presence in the lands within a radius of about 10 km, but in the summer season of this year he no longer appeared on the set, - said senior researcher Gennadiy Yankus. At the same time, more often than others "posed" a handsome bear in a fur coat of almost black color. Based on his physique, he is middle-aged. This bear has diligently marked the trees along the many paths. - And on a twilight September morning, we managed to observe how he, with a formidable roar, chased along the shore of Lake Baikal after another bear, who risked a profit from a seal thrown onto the sand by a storm. Other inhabitants of the taiga, it seems, humbly did not notice the "change of power". Well, this is just a moment of a natural process, - concluded Gennady Yankus. www.baikal-daily.ru/news/16/400035/wildfact.com/forum/topic-russian-brown-bears?pid=135310#pid135310
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Post by brobear on Jul 14, 2022 4:12:22 GMT -5
Buryatia - The land of inhospitable mountains and vast wild steppes, the Republic of Buryatia aka Buryat Republic belongs to the mountainous regions of the Eastern Siberia. Its territory adjoins the shores of the famous Lake Baikal, the deepest freshwater lake in the world. The region borders on the Republic of Tuva (Tyva), Transbaikal Territory, Irkutsk Region and Mongolia. peakvisor.com/adm/buryatia.html Go to sight to see more beautiful pictures of Buryatia.
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Post by brobear on Sept 15, 2022 5:49:46 GMT -5
Types of Russian Bear www.expresstorussia.com/experience-russia/types-of-russian-bear.html Which types of bears live in Russia? 1- Common: So numerous are the Eurasian Brown Bears in Siberia’s forests that they are simply referred to as “the common bear”. Plain, ol’ brown bears, they certainly aren’t however; they have the largest brains out of all terrestrial carnivores and, until the 20thcentury, could often be seen strolling round the streets of Russia playing musical instruments or smoking pipes with their trainers. 2- Giant: Thanks to the bountiful streams of Russia’s Far East, the Kamchatka Bears are some of the world’s largest. Weighing up to 700kg, they can reach double the size of an average Brown Bear. 3- Pitch-Black: On the borders of China and Russia roams a mythical bear. In the past, tribes used to worship it and to this day, Ussuri Bears have a close connection with humans—in the literal, not spiritual sense. 4- Snowy-White: Polar Bears were all over the Russian news in 2019 when over 50 of them invaded a Russian village. Generally, however, they are furtive creatures with very little known about them. Since the 16th century the bear has been the ultimate symbol of Russia. Representing both the good—strength, power and sheer might—and the bad—ferocity and club-footedness—it’s perhaps the only accurate likeness of the enigma that is Russia. Over the years it’s played many roles in Russian society; from an all-wise spirit god to be worshipped to a first-class fool, forced to drink wine and wear babushka scarves, to a symbol of wealth, ruthlessly hunted for its pelt, paws and organs. Though the accounts of early medieval European travelers (which sparked the myth that Russia was a country overrun with bears) may not have been wholly true, there is truth in the fact that the bear is an integral part of Russian culture. A bear’s a bear...or is it? It’s ironic that one of the biggest and clumsiest animals is actually one of the most mysterious animals known to man. To this day, scientists dispute the number of species of bear on this planet. In Russia, the most conservative classifications restrict the number of native species and subspecies to just four: the Eurasian Brown Bear, the Kamchatka Brown Bear, the Ussuri Brown Bear and the Russian Polar Bear. Excepting the polar bear, the other bears are all subspecies of brown bear and - as their names suggest - their main distinguishing feature is the region which they hail from. Ussuri Brown Bear: The Ussuri Brown Bear has always been close to the Russian people. In times gone by, it was worshipped as a deity. When an Ussuri bear came wandering into a village, as they often did in search of a tasty bite, the villagers would conduct a ceremonial killing. Everything, from the poor bear’s teeth to his blood and meat, were eaten, drunk or dried up to use as “medicine”. Though today the news may report of bears “terrorizing” villages, in those times, the villagers would save the pelt of the bear and pray to it in the hope that it might attract yet another bear into the village! More recently, female Ussuri bears and their cubs have repeatedly been discovered closely following local fishermen in the Shiretoko Peninsula, bordering China, where the Ussuri Bears are most densely populated. Companionship, not food, seems to be the mother bears’ only motive. Since the mother bears started coming closer to humans around fifty years ago not one instance of aggressive behaviour has ever been reported; and the Ussuri bears are almost as big as their close cousins, the Kamchatka giants! Zoologists theorize that the mothers seek humans so as to safe guard their cubs from cannibal males who wouldn’t dare to approach people.
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Post by brobear on Sept 15, 2022 6:01:35 GMT -5
Amur/Ussuri/Manchurian Brown Bear.
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Post by OldGreenGrolar on Sept 16, 2022 20:22:51 GMT -5
Which region is the Ussuri brown bears the biggest and smallest?
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Post by brobear on Sept 17, 2022 2:12:06 GMT -5
Which region is the Ussuri brown bears the biggest and smallest? I would also like this question answered. I often read that Ussuri brown bears are larger in some locations and smaller in others. But, no specifics are given. I know that in the Sikhote-Alin region of Russia, the full-grown males reach from (roughly) 600 to 800-pounds). I keep searching for a good book on the Ussuri brown bear, but it seems that no such book exists; at least not in English.
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Post by OldGreenGrolar on Sept 18, 2022 4:20:21 GMT -5
Male Ussuri brown bears at 800 pounds and above seem to be a rarity. It is said this brown bear subspecies can potentially reach Kodiak bear size but even that is a rarity.
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Post by brobear on Sept 18, 2022 4:56:55 GMT -5
Male Ussuri brown bears at 800 pounds and above seem to be a rarity. It is said this brown bear subspecies can potentially reach Kodiak bear size but even that is a rarity. I don't believe that an 800-pound Ussuri brown bear is rare, but it is roughly the normal max. But yes, a Kodiak-size Ussuri (1,000+ pounds) is rare.
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