|
|
Post by brobear on May 2, 2017 18:07:18 GMT -5
Species
I. nevadensis, and I. oregonensis are of North America with fossil recovery in Oregon and Nevada, USA
Indarctos salmontanus (Pilgrim, 1913) is the species type originating in Calcutta, India and discovered by the Geological Survey of India.
Body mass
Two specimens were examined by Legendre and Roth for body mass.
Specimen 1 estimated to weigh: 244.4 kg (540 lb)
Specimen 2 estimated to weigh: 2,517.4 kg (5,500 lb)
|
|
|
|
Post by brobear on Feb 22, 2019 11:46:58 GMT -5
mafiadoc.com/late-miocene-indarctos-punjabiensis-atticus-zoological-institute_5a6cde1d1723dd9b54002e62.html The genus Indarctos comprises two species. I. arc-toides (Depéret, 1895) was found in Europe, northernAfrica and Turkey, dating as the Vallesian (MN 9-11).I. punjabiensis (Lydekker, 1884) known from the Turo-lian (MN 10-13) had a Holarctic range, occurring inEurope, northern Africa, in the central, southern andeastern parts of Asia, and in North America.I. punjabiensis distinguishes from I. arctoides inseveral derived characters of upper dentition: cheekteeth larger, anterior premolars P2-3 single-rooted andreduced in size, parastyle of P4 well developed, M2comparatively wide. Both species have been recorded from the territory of the former USSR. I. arctoides is known only from onelocality, whereas I. punjabiensis was distributed fromthe southern part of Ukraine to eastern Kazakhstan.I. punjabiensis has been reconstructed as a very largebear, reaching 500 kg (Roth & Morlo, 1997). Its fore-limb bones are very similar to those of recent U. arctos (Roussiakis, 2001) that suggest resemblance in the loco-motion and mode of life in both bears. Judging from the dental morphology and tooth wear, I. punjabiensis has been omnivorous animal consuming largely plant food.It inhabited various, mainly savanna like landscapes.The palaeogeographic reconstruction based on the Ananiev assemblage of ungulates has indicated the pres-ence of open territories with shrub thickets along the banks of rivers and lakes (Korotkevich, 1988). The largesize, omnivory, and adaptation to various habitats have allowed I. punjabiensis to migrate through the Beringiato North America. 500 kilograms is equal to 1,102.31 pounds (avoirdupois) © RUSSIAN JOURNAL OFTHERIOLOGY, 2002Russian J. Theriol. 1 (2):IntroductionThe genus Indarctos Pilgrim, 1913 comprises ex-tinct bears of moderate to large size, with short muzzleand plantigrade limbs. It demonstrates the Holarcticrange. In the late Miocene, Indarctos has been distribut-ed in Eurasia, northern Africa and North America (Pet-ter & Thomas, 1986; Hunt, 1998).Thenius (1959) has revised the composition of Ind-arctos, establishing two species for Eurasia: a compar-atively small I. arctoides (Depéret, 1895) with subspe-cies I. a. arctoides and I. a. vireti Villalta et CrusafontPairó, 1943, and a large I. atticus (Weithofer, 1888 exDames) with subspecies I. a. atticus, I. a. punjabiensis(Lydekker, 1884), and I. a. lagrelii (Zdansky, 1924). Inaddition, I. oregonensis Merriam, Stock et Moody, 1916was described for North America. In this work, Theniusfailed to ascertain the status of I. anthracitis (Weithofer,1888), which was known by a single specimen of rightmandible from Monte Bamboli (MN 13) in Italy.Thenius’ classification has been accepted by Petter& Thomas (1986). However, other authors recognizethree Indarctos species in Europe, stratigraphically fol-lowing one another (I. vireti, I. arctoides, I. atticus)(Crusafont Pairó & Kurtén, 1976; Beaumont, 1988;Roth & Morlo, 1997; Ginsburg, 1999).Most researchers accept a single species for theTurolian of Eurasia, which was cited with differentauthorship: I. atticus (Dames, 1883), I. atticus (Damesin Weithofer, 1888), I. atticus (Weithofer, 1888 exDames), I. atticus (Weithofer, 1888).Dames (1883: 132) described a fragment of mandi-ble from Pikermi as Hyaenarctos sp. Later, Weithofer(1888: 231, Taf. 12, figs. 1, 2) established a new species,Hyaenarctos atticus, using the same material. DespiteWeithofer (1888: 233) mentioned that he used the un-published name proposed by Dames, he has to be treatedas the author of this species, being the first who haspublished a suitable description (International Code ofZoological Nomenclature, 1999, Article 50.1).Thenius (1959) considered I. punjabiensis fromHosnot, Siwaliks as a subspecies of I. atticus, an opinionthat has been widely accepted (Petter & Thomas, 1986;Roth & Morlo, 1997; Roussiakis, 2001). As it is quiteobvious that in such a case the species name I. punjabi-ensis (Lydekker, 1884) has the priority to I. atticus(Weithofer, 1888), the subspecies from Pikermi shouldbe designated to I. punjabiensis atticus (Weithofer,1888), comb. nov.I accept two Indarctos species for Eurasia, consider-ing I. punjabiensis as a direct descendent of earlier andmore primitive I. arctoides. Petter & Thomas (1986)Late Miocene Indarctos punjabiensis atticus (Carnivora, Ursidae) inUkraine with survey of Indarctos records from the former USSR
|
|
|
|
Post by brobear on Mar 7, 2019 1:43:51 GMT -5
shaggygod.proboards.com/ Indarctos was a genus of bears that existed during the Miocene. They had an extremely wide distribution; fossils of them have been discovered in North America, Asia, and northern Africa. Indarctos was probably part of the ancestral stock that gave origin to the modern ursine bears. Hunt (1998) included Indarctos in Ursavini, which is a sister tribe for the tribes of the modern bears. Alternatively, Indarctos is a sister taxon of Ursus and in the same clade with the modern great panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) (Ginsburg and Morales 1998; Ginsburg 1999). Petter and Thomas (1986) reviewed the Agriotherium and Indarctos radiations in the Old World. They considered that there were only two Indarctos species in the Old World: I. arctoides (including subspecies I. a. vireti and I. a. arctoides) and I. atticus (I. a. atticus, I. a. lagrelii, and I. a. punjabiensis). I. arctoides had a limited distribution, occurring only in western and central Europe. I. atticus spanned from western Europe to China. According to this hypothesis I. arctoides was a forest dweller in the Vallesian (11.2–9 Ma) and I. atticus was associated with steppe and savanna in the Turolian (9–5.3 Ma). The two were considered to be chronospecies, with the open habitat I. atticus evolving from the closed habitat I. arctoides. The type species is Indarctos salmontanus. Pilgrim named it in 1913. The holotype is a left maxilla that was found in India (Geraards et al. 2005). Species: Indarctos salmonatus, I. arctoides, I. oregonensis, I. atticus, I. nevadensis, I. zdanskyi, I. sp.
|
|
|
|
Post by brobear on Mar 7, 2019 1:45:04 GMT -5
Indarctos spp. were the first large-bodied bears with omnivorous tendencies. Two Indarctos fossils assigned to I. arctoides ssp. by Bernor, Feibel, et al. (2003) and Viranta and Werdelin (2003) show that the genus had a wide geographic range in Europe in the Middle Miocene and was represented by at least two contemporaneous species. Present work shows that the two species of Indarctos lived in a mixture of environments, and were not clearly separated into distinct habitats. Indarctos seems to have evolved during an interval of faunal turnover in Europe. The appearance of Indarctos coincided with an extinction of small omnivorous mammals and was accompanied by the appearance of other large omnivores.
Viranta, Suvi. Habitat preferences of European Middle Miocene omnivorous ursids. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 49 (2), 2004: 325-327.
PDF LINK: app.pan.pl/archive/published/app49/app49-325.pdf
|
|
|
|
Post by King Kodiak on Oct 24, 2020 11:18:00 GMT -5
From the original post:
This one is out of proportions, ha ha ha.
|
|
|
|
Post by brobear on Oct 24, 2020 11:27:17 GMT -5
|
|
|
|
Post by King Kodiak on Oct 24, 2020 11:35:12 GMT -5
Yeah, in reality it was a medium size bear:
This is the oldest known species of the Indarctos genus, Indarctos Arctoides:
Indarctos arctoides was a medium sized carnivorous species of bear that existed from 12.5 to 7.1 million years ago. Along with Indarctos vireti, it is the oldest known species of the genus Indarctos. It was smaller in size than other Indarctos species, weighing around 350 pounds. Fossils found of Indarctos arctoides show a wide geographric range in Western and Central Europe. It is believed to be an ancestor of the much larger bear, Indarctos atticus, that existed from 9.5 to 5.3 million years ago.
www.bearsoftheworld.net/indarctos_arctoides.asp
|
|
|
|
Post by King Kodiak on Oct 24, 2020 11:43:36 GMT -5
|
|
|
|
Post by brobear on Nov 18, 2020 3:41:15 GMT -5
1- Indarctos atticus anthracitis
2- Indarctos atticus bakalovi
3- Indarctos atticus lagrelii
4- Indarctos atticus punjabiensis
5- Indarctos oregonensis
6- Indarctos salmontanus
7- Indarctos sinensis
8- Indarctos vireti
9- Indarctos zdanskyi
|
|
