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Post by brobear on Feb 27, 2020 15:17:42 GMT -5
How long has it been since both the grizzly and the lion lived in Turkey, Greece, and Rome? Probably the Asiatic lion and the Syrian brown bear. This would perhaps put them at roughly weight-parity. No competition unless the lions preyed on bears.
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Post by tom on Feb 27, 2020 17:37:12 GMT -5
How long has it been since both the grizzly and the lion lived in Turkey, Greece, and Rome? Probably the Asiatic lion and the Syrian brown bear. This would perhaps put them at roughly weight-parity. No competition unless the lions preyed on bears.
That looks like Mr. T from the Mapogos?
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Post by brobear on Feb 28, 2020 2:14:42 GMT -5
That looks like Mr. T from the Mapogos? *Possibly. This picture was pasted in a topic 'bout the Asiatic lion. If this is Mr. T then its their mistake passed down to me.
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Post by brobear on Feb 28, 2020 5:07:28 GMT -5
www.quora.com/Do-lions-tigers-and-bears-naturally-co-exist-anywhere-on-earth Question to Quora: Do lions, tigers, and bears naturally co-exist anywhere on earth? bdellahie Hreimo, studied at United Arab Emirates University Updated Feb 5, 2018 Yes! believe it or not! Long ago mostly they were existing in the same ranges. In Turkey: Brown Bear, Caspian Tiger, Asiatic Lion. In North Africa: The North African Barbary Lion lived with the extinct Atlas Bear. In India: The Asiatic Lion lived with Bengal Tiger, and Sloth Bear. In Eastern Europe and Russia: Cave Lions, Asiatic Lions, Brown Bears and other Bears, Amur Tigers and Caspian Tigers. In North America Long Ago: North American Lion, Short Faced Bear, and Other Big cats but not likely Tigers. Mostly it was in India and Eastern Europe and Asia where they truly co-existed. The evidences: Long ago Lions where all over the world with a main 4 species: 1- North American Lion: Panthera Leo Atrox: Extinct. 2- European-Eurasian Cave Lion: Panthera Leo Spelaea: Extinct. 3- Asiatic Lion: Panthera Leo Persica: Alive. 4- African Lion: Panthera Leo Leo: Alive. Tigers in Eastern Asia: “Caspian Tiger” Panthera Tigris. Bears in Eastern Asia and India: “Brown Bear” “Sloth Bear” Other than man-made Zoos and Sanctuaries in North and South Americas and elsewhere, long ago the Earth teemed with life on a scale not imaginable to people nowadays, because human-race obliterated nature and is responsible by its hunting and destruction of habitat for the extinction of so many species, sadly.
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Post by brobear on Mar 6, 2020 16:47:22 GMT -5
Lion and extinct relatives:
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Post by brobear on Mar 6, 2020 16:53:45 GMT -5
The grizzly has shared some land with Panthera leo, but only small portions. The Pleistocene grizzly was more familiar with the lion's larger relatives; P. atrox and P. spelaeus. Though bigger and stronger, I highly doubt that those giant "lions" were aggressive as the combative warriors of arid Africa. But P. leo cannot claim to have conquered as much territory as U. arctos. Panthera leo, atrox, and spelaeus were three different animals, just as Ursus arctos, americanus, and thibetanus are three different animals.
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Post by brobear on Mar 23, 2020 7:08:53 GMT -5
carnivora.net/brown-bear-ursus-arctos-t2935-s15.html Stolen from Taipan: Study yields 'Genghis Khan' of brown bears, and brown and polar bear evolution. Date: March 25, 2014 Source: Molecular Biology and Evolution (Oxford University Press) Summary: By mining the genome of a recently sequenced polar bear, researchers developed Y chromosome-specific markers, and analyzed several regions of the Y chromosome from a broad geographic sample of 130 brown and polar bears. 'This pattern in brown bears covers even larger geographic areas than analogous findings from humans, where the Y-chromosomal lineage of Genghis Khan, founder of the Mongol Empire, was spread across much of Asia,' said experts. Male bears are seemingly always on the prowl, roaming much greater distances than females, particularly for mating. For bear evolution, studying the paternally inherited Y chromosome is therefore a rich source to trace both the geographic dispersal and genetic differences between bear species. This new study is particularly important, because a large part of our current knowledge about range-wide population structuring in mammals relies on data from maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). More extensive male than female movement in bears and many other mammals implies that males carry genetic material over greater geographic distances than females. Therefore, the pronounced population structuring that has been reported for female-inherited mtDNA genes in brown bears might not be representative of the species as a whole. By mining the genome of a recently sequenced polar bear, researchers from Axel Janke´s group at the Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre in Frankfurt, Germany, developed Y chromosome-specific markers, and analyzed several regions of the Y chromosome from a broad geographic sample of 130 brown and polar bears. They also included a continuous 390,000 base pair long stretch of genomic Y chromosomal region available in brown, polar and black bear genomes to gain a better understanding of the paternal signature of bear evolution. They found evidence of extensive male gene flow that has led to the distribution of some brown bear Y chromosomes across incredibly large geographic distances, with two brown bears as far away as Norway and the Alaskan ABC islands carrying very similar Y chromosomes. This implies that one male brown bear lineage has spread across most of the brown bear's distribution range. "This pattern in brown bears covers even larger geographic areas than analogous findings from humans, where the Y-chromosomal lineage of Genghis Khan, founder of the Mongol Empire, was spread across much of Asia," said Tobias Bidon and Frank Hailer, lead authors of the study. Because their data consistently showed that black, brown and polar bears carry highly distinct Y chromosome lineages, the researchers also estimated the timing of the split between the male lineages of brown and polar bears. The obtained time estimate for the speciation event of brown and polar bears is ca. 0.4 to 1.1 million years ago. This is significantly older than previous estimates based on mtDNA, confirming recent observations from autosomal markers that brown and polar bears from a genetic point of view represent highly distinct species. The study also shows that dispersing males connect the enigmatic brown bear population of the Alaskan ABC-islands to the North American mainland, and that the resulting movement of genes is substantial enough to maintain high genetic variability within this island population. The study demonstrates that the Y chromosome represents an understudied part of the mammalian genome, providing crucial information to our understanding of the geographic structuring and evolutionary history of species. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/03/140325210631.htm Journal Reference: Tobias Bidon, Axel Janke, Steven R. Fain, Hans Geir Eiken, Snorre B. Hagen, Urmas Saarma, Björn M. Hallström, Nicolas Lecomte, and Frank Hailer. Brown and polar bear Y chromosomes reveal extensive male-biased gene flow within brother lineages. Mol Biol Evol, March 25, 2014 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu109 Abstract Brown and polar bears have become prominent examples in phylogeography, but previous phylogeographic studies relied largely on maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or were geographically restricted. The male-specific Y chromosome, a natural counterpart to mtDNA, has remained under-explored. Although this paternally inherited chromosome is indispensable for comprehensive analyses of phylogeographic patterns, technical difficulties and low variability have hampered its application in most mammals. We developed 13 novel Y-chromosomal sequence and microsatellite markers from the polar bear genome, and screened these in a broad geographic sample of 130 brown and polar bears. We also analyzed a 390 kb-long Y-chromosomal scaffold using sequencing data from published male ursine genomes. Y chromosome evidence support the emerging understanding that brown and polar bears started to diverge no later than the Middle Pleistocene. Contrary to mtDNA patterns, we found (i) brown and polar bears to be reciprocally monophyletic sister (or rather brother) lineages, without signals of introgression, (ii) male-biased gene flow across continents and on phylogeographic time scales, and (iii) male dispersal that links the Alaskan ABC-islands population to mainland brown bears. Due to female philopatry, mtDNA provides a highly structured estimate of population differentiation, while male-biased gene flow is a homogenizing force for nuclear genetic variation. Our findings highlight the importance of analyzing both maternally and paternally inherited loci for a comprehensive view of phylogeographic history, and that mtDNA-based phylogeographic studies of many mammals should be re-evaluated. Recent advances in sequencing technology render the analysis of Y chromosomal variation feasible, even in non-model organisms. mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/03/20/molbev.msu109
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Post by brobear on Mar 29, 2020 4:47:38 GMT -5
Let it be known and understood that in both Europe and North America, the grizzly was once, before their numbers drastically declined because of a savage near-annihilation of these great bears by mankind in the name of "advancement for civilization" the grizzly was once a bolder, bigger, and even a more carnivorous animal than he is today. For the past 1,000,000 years ( give or take a thousand ), the grizzly has shared his environment with a huge assortment of big cats. The original king of beasts. He once lived in Pleistocene China among giant tigers. He once lived in Pleistocene Europe among giant lions and scimitar cats. He once lived in Pleistocene N. America among scimitar cats, saber-toothed cats, and giant lions. He once lived in North Africa among lions. He now lives in Russia among tigers. It is obvious that the grizzly ( Ursus arctos ) was and is successful in the company of the big cats.
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Post by OldGreenGrolar on Jul 7, 2020 22:45:51 GMT -5
Black bears are not considered endangered, due to their widespread populations around the continent. seethewild.org/american-black-bear-facts/The American black bear Ursus americanus is the smallest and the most widespread bear species found in North America. Its ancestors are believed to have crossed into North America over the Bering Land Bridge about 500,000 years ago. HABITAT In Canada, black bears still inhabit 85 percent of their historic range from Northern Alaska to the east coast. They then become more and more dispersed across the United States as you go farther south. They are known to inhabit at least 40 of the states and can be found as far south as the Sierra Madre Mountains in Mexico. Black BearBlack bears are very adaptive and can be found in a variety of environments, though they prefer heavily forested areas. In the east, they are found primarily in forests and swamps. In the west, they are found mostly in forests and wooded mountains. Rarely are they found at altitudes any higher than 7,000 feet. Black bears are very solitary animals and are territorial. A male bear's territory is anywhere from 8 to 15 square miles and is about twice that of a female's. www.bearsoftheworld.net/american_black_bears.asp
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Post by brobear on Aug 25, 2020 5:42:28 GMT -5
Someone recently said that the "carnivore'" with the most conquered land is the lion. The maps on page #1 proves that individual wrong. But, while among the large Carnivora Urus arctos wins this contest as a species, perhaps the lion ( including all species ) can compete with Ursinae bears which includes the Brown Bear, Polar Bear, Asiatic Black Bear, American Black Bear, Sloth Bear, Sun Bear and the Cave Bears. The lions would include both the African and Asiatic Lions and the Cave Lions and American Lion. In a contest of Global Distribution; a very close call. No map has ( to my knowledge ) ever been drawn showing the vast distribution of all Ursinae bears beginning with Ursus minimus.
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Post by brobear on Sept 5, 2020 1:17:09 GMT -5
This has been posted before ( or a similar article ) but it also applies to this topic: www.nature.com/articles/srep46487 The evolutionary history of bears is characterized by gene flow across species Abstract: Bears are iconic mammals with a complex evolutionary history. Natural bear hybrids and studies of few nuclear genes indicate that gene flow among bears may be more common than expected and not limited to polar and brown bears. Here we present a genome analysis of the bear family with representatives of all living species. Phylogenomic analyses of 869 mega base pairs divided into 18,621 genome fragments yielded a well-resolved coalescent species tree despite signals for extensive gene flow across species. However, genome analyses using different statistical methods show that gene flow is not limited to closely related species pairs. Strong ancestral gene flow between the Asiatic black bear and the ancestor to polar, brown and American black bear explains uncertainties in reconstructing the bear phylogeny. Gene flow across the bear clade may be mediated by intermediate species such as the geographically wide-spread brown bears leading to large amounts of phylogenetic conflict. Genome-scale analyses lead to a more complete understanding of complex evolutionary processes. Evidence for extensive inter-specific gene flow, found also in other animal species, necessitates shifting the attention from speciation processes achieving genome-wide reproductive isolation to the selective processes that maintain species divergence in the face of gene flow.
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Post by brobear on Sept 5, 2020 1:18:07 GMT -5
Continued - Introduction: Ursine bears are the largest living terrestrial carnivores and have evolved during the last five million years, attaining a wide geographical distribution range (Fig. 1). Bears are a prominent case where conflicting gene trees and an ambiguous fossil record1 make the interpretation of their evolutionary history difficult2. Introgressive gene flow resulting from inter-species mating is believed to be rare among mammals3. However, some 600 mammalian hybrids are known4 and the importance of hybridization has started to gain attention in evolutionary biology5. Yet, our knowledge of the extent of post speciation gene flow is limited, because few genomes of closely related species have been sequenced.
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Post by brobear on Sept 5, 2020 1:19:52 GMT -5
Continued - Figure 1: Approximate geographic distribution of extant bears according to IUCN data. From: The evolutionary history of bears is characterized by gene flow across species.
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Post by brobear on Sept 5, 2020 1:22:54 GMT -5
Continued: In bears, natural mating between grizzlies (brown bears Ursus arctos), and polar bears (Ursus maritimus) results in hybrid offspring, the grolars6. Genome scale studies in brown and polar bears find that 8.8% of individual brown bear genomes have a polar bear origin7. Additionally, the brown bear mitochondrial (mt) genome was captured by polar bears during ancient hybridization8 and polar bear alleles are distributed across brown bear populations all over the world by male-biased migration and gene flow7,9,10.
Polar and brown bears belong to the sub-family Ursinae, which comprises six extant, morphological and ecological distinct species11, but hybridization among some ursine bears is possible. A natural hybrid has been reported also between the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) and the sun bear (Ursus malayanus)12. In captivity more bear hybrids are known, some of them have been fertile4. Despite limited population sizes for most bears and apparently distinct habitats, morphology and ecology, molecular phylogenetic studies have been unable to unequivocally reconstruct the relationship among the six ursine bear species2. Especially, the evolution of the American (Ursus americanus) and Asiatic black bear is difficult to resolve, despite being geographically separated (Fig. 1).
Evidence from the fossil record, morphology and mitochondrial phylogeny suggested a closer relationship between the Asiatic and the American black bears13,14,15. In contrast, autosomal and Y-chromosomal sequences support a grouping with the American black bear being sister group to the brown/polar bear clade2,9,16. Another conflict between mitogenomics, morphology and autosomal sequence data is the position of the morphologically distinct sloth bears (Ursus ursinus). Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analyses and morphological studies placed sloth bears outside of all other ursine bears, while nuclear gene analyses favor a position close to sun bears2,15,17. A study of nuclear introns with multiple individuals for each ursine species was unable to reconstruct a well-supported species tree and suggested that incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) and/or gene flow caused the complexities in the ursine tree2. However, previous molecular studies did not have access to genome data from all bear species and were thus limited to single loci. The genomic era allows a detailed analyses of how gene flow from hybridization affects genomes, and has revealed much more complex evolutionary histories than previously anticipated for many species, including our own18,19,20. Multiple genomic studies on polar, brown bears and the giant panda10,21,22,23 lead to a wealth of available genomic data in these species. We investigated all living Ursinae and Tremarctinae bear species based on six newly sequenced bear genomes and published ones. Methods specifically developed to deal with complex genome data24,25 and gene flow18,26 are applied to resolve and understand the processes that have shaped the evolution of bears.
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Post by brobear on Sept 5, 2020 1:24:38 GMT -5
Continued - Results: The sequenced individuals were morphologically typical for the respective species. Mapping Illumina reads against the polar bear genome23 yielded an average coverage of 11X. Supplementary Tables 1 and 2 detail the sequencing and assembly data, and provide accession numbers of the included species. As a basis for subsequent analyses, non-overlapping 100 kb Genome Fragments (GFs) were extracted from polar bear scaffolds > 1 megabase (Mb). These have presumably a higher assembly quality than smaller fragments and still represent > 96% of the genome (Supplementary Fig. 1). Heterozygous sites, gaps, repetitive sequences, and transposable element sequences were removed from GF alignments (Supplementary Fig. 2). Pedigrees (Supplementary Fig. 3) and genome-wide heterozygosity plots (Supplementary Fig. 4) show that the sequenced individuals are neither hybrids nor, compared to wild specimens, severely inbred. Network analysis depicts hidden conflict in the coalescent species tree GFs larger than 25 kb, representing the majority of the length distribution (Supplementary Fig. 2), contain on average 104 substitutions among Asiatic bears (Supplementary Fig. 5). Phylogenetic topology testing on real and simulated sequence data shows that GFs with this information content significantly reject alternative topologies (Supplementary Figs 6 and 7). For subsequent coalescence, consensus, and network analyses, only GFs > 25 kb were used and the results are thus based on firmly supported Maximum Likelihood (ML) analyses. A coalescent species tree utilizing 18,621 GFs > 25 kb (869,313,834 bp) resolved the relationships among bears with significant support for all branches (Fig. 2A, Supplementary Fig. 8). In the coalescent-based species tree, sun and sloth bears are sister group to the Asiatic black bear, and the American black bear groups with polar and brown bears. The spectacled bear is, consistent with previous results2,16, placed as sister taxon to Ursinae. The well-resolved coalescent species tree appears to be without conflict from genomic data.
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Post by brobear on Sept 5, 2020 1:26:32 GMT -5
Continued: There is still much more to see on given site. Bottom line, all living bears are connected/related. The map on reply #32 shows the bears wide-range distribution. Also shown here is the fact that even the Andean bears are connected through gene flow, showing that the Tremarctinae are a sister taxon to Ursinae.
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Post by OldGreenGrolar on Sept 5, 2020 5:26:33 GMT -5
While bears have a wide global ditribution, the most numerous doesn't neccesarily mean the strongest. The American black bear is the most numerous of the bears yet it is the less aggressive and the leopard being the most adaptable cats is not the strongest either. Surprisingly both are tree climbers.
The golden eagle is the most widespread of the eagles yet the Eurasian black vulture robs the former in areas where their habitats overlap.
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Post by OldGreenGrolar on Oct 11, 2020 16:34:06 GMT -5
The distribution of grizzly bears in North America and British Columbia. The largest polar bears on average in Foxe Basin and Churchill do not encounter grizzlies at all.
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Post by King Kodiak on Dec 5, 2020 10:47:15 GMT -5
USSURI BROWN BEAR DISTRIBUTION:
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Post by brobear on Dec 5, 2020 11:08:16 GMT -5
Reply #38 and the very first map on page #1 shows the Ussuri brown bear in the RFE and in Japan. I would wage that the Ussuri and the Hokkaido have been separated for as long a time as the grizzly and the Kodiak.
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