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Ursinae
Oct 17, 2020 2:04:11 GMT -5
Post by brobear on Oct 17, 2020 2:04:11 GMT -5
Results - Basic Variability Statistics and Allele Sharing among Ursinae We sequenced 14 autosomal introns from two to seven individuals per species yielding 7,991 bp, and nine markers from the Y chromosome yielding 5,907 bp in 11 male individuals, representing all extant bear species (supplementary table S1, Supplementary Material online). For giant panda, spectacled bear, sloth bear, sun bear, and Asian black bear, Y-chromosomal data were obtained from all available male individuals. Because of low intraspecific variability of Y chromosomes in brown, polar, and American black bears (Bidon et al. 2014), we included Y-chromosomal data from only one individual of each of these species.
The number of variable sites was 515 across the 14 sequenced autosomal introns and 325 at Y-chromosomal sequence. The total sequence data generated in this study thus comprised 840 variable sites. In contrast, upon concatenation of the autosomal intron data, collapsing all variation within and among individuals into a 50% majority-rule consensus sequence per species, only 396 variable sites remained. Thus, intraspecific and intraindividual polymorphism contributed more than 30% to the phylogenetic signal in our autosomal data. Accordingly, interspecific p-distances of our autosomal introns including all phased individuals were on average 115% of the p-distances of the same 14 concatenated autosomal introns, and on average 178% of the p-distances of previously published autosomal sequences that did not consider intraspecific variability and that included both exon and intron sequences (Pagès et al. 2008; supplementary table S2, Supplementary Material online). High levels of shared polymorphisms were found between brown and Asian black bears, between American black and Asian black bears, and between brown and American black bears (supplementary table S3, Supplementary Material online). All ursine species pairs had similar mean genetic distances. Haplotype networks revealed various combinations of interspecific haplotype sharing for 12 of 14 autosomal introns (fig. 1, supplementary fig. S1 and Supplementary Data, Supplementary Material online). At eight introns, haplotypes were shared between closely related species, and at four introns, haplotypes were shared between more distantly related species. Across pairwise comparisons among species, the ratio of polymorphic sites to fixed differences increased toward shallower divergences (supplementary table S3, Supplementary Material online).
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Post by brobear on Oct 17, 2020 2:04:56 GMT -5
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Post by brobear on Dec 2, 2020 10:35:16 GMT -5
Ursinae:
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Ursinae
Dec 19, 2020 21:56:21 GMT -5
Post by OldGreenGrolar on Dec 19, 2020 21:56:21 GMT -5
Reply 22.
Isn’t the barren ground grizzly, Ursus Artos Gyas?
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Post by King Kodiak on Dec 19, 2020 22:10:30 GMT -5
Reply 22. Isn’t the barren ground grizzly, Ursus Artos Gyas? No, the Barren ground grizzly used to be Ursus arctos richardsoni, now its just Ursus arctos horribilis.
Ursus arctos Gyas used to be the Alaskan peninsula grizzly, but that has been removed also and its now Ursus arctos Horribilis.
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Ursinae
Dec 19, 2020 22:12:32 GMT -5
Post by OldGreenGrolar on Dec 19, 2020 22:12:32 GMT -5
All the grizzlies in North America and Canada are classified as one. All except the Kodiak bear which has been successfully isolated.
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Ursinae
Dec 19, 2020 22:19:57 GMT -5
Post by King Kodiak on Dec 19, 2020 22:19:57 GMT -5
All the grizzlies in North America and Canada are classified as one. All except the Kodiak bear which has been successfully isolated. Yeah, thats it there.
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Post by brobear on Dec 20, 2020 5:39:43 GMT -5
Reply 22. Isn’t the barren ground grizzly, Ursus Artos Gyas? Green; you've been a member of the Domain for a year-and-a-half now. These most simple things you should know. My suggestion is to choose a topic each day - such as Extant Bears ... Alaskan Peninsula Brown Bear ... and read from the opening post through to the last post of the last page ( page #5 ). No writer was ever a great writer before first reading. Make it a daily habit to choose a topic each day and read. You will be amazed at what you will learn.
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Ursinae
Dec 20, 2020 6:34:38 GMT -5
Post by OldGreenGrolar on Dec 20, 2020 6:34:38 GMT -5
Reply 22. Isn’t the barren ground grizzly, Ursus Artos Gyas? Green; you've been a member of the Domain for a year-and-a-half now. These most simple things you should know. My suggestion is to choose a topic each day - such as Extant Bears ... Alaskan Peninsula Brown Bear ... and read from the opening post through to the last post of the last page ( page #5 ). No writer was ever a great writer before first reading. Make it a daily habit to choose a topic each day and read. You will be amazed at what you will learn. I have already read most of the stuff on the domain but it would not hurt for me to refresh my memory as you suggested. Some of the sources have been posted on AVA years ago.
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Ursinae
Dec 27, 2020 2:29:50 GMT -5
Post by brobear on Dec 27, 2020 2:29:50 GMT -5
1- Auvergne bear - Ursus minimus. 2- Sugar bear - Protarctos abstrusus. 3- Sumatran sun bear - Helarctos malayanus malayanus -or- Ursus malayanus malayanus. 4- Bornean sun bear - Helarctos malayanus euryspilus -or- Ursus malayanus euryspilus. 5- Sri Lankan sloth bear - Melursus ursinus inornatus -or- Ursus ursinus inornatus. 6- Common sloth bear - Melursus ursinus ursinus -or- Ursus ursinus ursinus. 7- Pleistocene sloth bear - Melursus ursinus theobaldi -or- Ursus ursinus theobaldi. ___________________________________________ 8- Baluchistan bear - Ursus thibetanus gedrosianus. 9- Formosan black bear - Ursus thibetanus formosanus. 10- Japanese black bear - Ursus thibetanus japonicus. 11- Inchochinese black bear - Ursus thibetanus mupinensis. 12- Tibetan black bear - Ursus thibetanus thibetanus. 13- Himalayan black bear - Ursus thibetanus laniger. 14- Ussuri black bear - Ursus thibetanus ussuricus. ______________________________________________ 15- Olympic black bear - Ursus americanus altifrontalis. 16- Dall Island black bear - Ursus americanus pugnax. 17- New Mexico black bear - Ursus americanus amblyceps. 18- California black bear - Ursus americanus californiensis. 19- Cinnamon bear - Ursus americanus cinnamomum. 20- Glacier bear ( blue bear ) - Ursus americanus emmonsii. 21- East Mexican black bear - Ursus americanus eremicus. 22- West Mexican black bear - Ursus americanus machetes. 23- Kermode bear ( spirit bear ) - Ursus americanus kermodei. 24- Kenai black bear - Ursus americanus perniger. 25- Vancouver Island black bear - Ursus americanus vancouveri. 26- Florida black bear - Ursus americanus floridanus. 27- Louisiana black bear - Ursus americanus luteolus. 28- Newfoundland black bear - Ursus americanus hamiltoni. 29- Eastern black bear - Ursus americanus americanus. 30- Haida Gwaii black bear, Queen Charlotte Islands black bear - Ursus americanus carlottae. 31- Pleistocene black bear - Ursus americanus vitabilis. 32- Etruscan bear - Ursus etruscus. ____________________________________________________________________________
33- Himalayan brown bear ( red bear - Tien Shan Bear ) - Ursus arctos isabellinus. 34- Gobi bear - Ursus arctos gobiensis. 35- Syrian Brown Bear - Ursus arctos syriacus - ( white-clawed bear ). 36- Saylyugem bear - ( white-clawed bear ). 37- Atlas bear - African brown bear - Ursus arctos crowtheri. 38- Tibetan brown bear ( blue bear ) - Ursus arctos pruinosus. 39- Mexican grizzly - Ursus arctos ( horribilis / nelsoni ). 40- Eurasian brown bear - Ursus arctos arctos. 41- North American brown bear ( grizzly ) - Ursus arctos horribilis. 42- Grolar bear - most common hybrid bear - brown bear/polar bear hybrid - various names; grolar bear being most commonly used. 43- Sitka brown bear - ursus arctos sitkensis. 44- East Siberian brown bear - Ursus arctos collaris. 45- Mongolian brown bear - Ursus arctos jeniseensis. 46- Hokkaido brown bear - Ursus arctos yesoensis. 47- Ussuri brown bear - Amur brown bear - ( black grizzly ) - Ursus arctos lasiotus. 48- Kamchatka brown bear - Ursus arctos beringianus. 49- California grizzly - Ursus arctos californicus. 50- Alaskan Peninsula Brown Bear - Ursus arctos gyas. 51- Kodiak bear - Ursus arctos middendorffi. 52- Pleistocene European brown bear - Steppe bear - Ursus arctos priscus. 53- Giant brown bear - Ursus maritimus tyrannus. ___________________________________________________________ 54- Gran Dolina bear - Ursus dolinensis ( the most primitive of all cave bears ). 55- Krasnodar cave bear - Ursus savini rossicus. 56- Beringian cave bear - Ursus savini nordostensis. 57- Deninger’s cave bear - Ursus deningeri. 58- Conturines cave bear - Ursus spelaeus ladinicus. 59- Ramesch cave bear - Ursus spelaeus eremus. 60- Kudaro cave bear - Ursus kudarensis. 61- Classic cave bear - Ursus spelaeus spelaeus. 62- Medvezhiya cave bear / Gamssulzen cave bear - Ursus kanivetz / Ursus ingressus. ____________________________________________________________ 63- Polar bear - Ursus maritimus.
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Ursinae
Dec 31, 2020 8:31:20 GMT -5
Post by brobear on Dec 31, 2020 8:31:20 GMT -5
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursinae Ursinae is a subfamily of Ursidae (bears) named by Swainson (1835). It was assigned to Ursidae by Bjork (1970), Hunt (1998) and Jin et al. (2007). The genera Melursus and Helarctos are sometimes also included in Ursus. The Asiatic black bear and the polar bear used to be placed in their own genera, Selenarctos and Thalarctos; these are now placed at subgenus rank. Scientific classificatione: ( European brown bear as example ) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Ursidae Subfamily: Ursinae Genus: Ursus Species: Ursus arctos Subspecies: Ursus arctos arctos
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Post by brobear on Jan 3, 2021 7:38:03 GMT -5
academic.oup.com/mbe/article/31/8/2004/2925840 ( from reply #20 ). Within bears, the ursine subfamily comprises the American and Asian black bear (Ursus americanus, U. thibetanus), sun bear (Helarctos malayanus), sloth bear (Melursus ursinus), brown bear (U. arctos), polar bear (U. maritimus), plus numerous extinct taxa. In addition, bears also include the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus).
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Post by King Kodiak on Jan 3, 2021 8:30:41 GMT -5
Reply #31:
For people not to get confused with this statement above: they are not stating that these 2 bears belong to the Ursinae subfamily, no. They are just stating that in addition to the other 6 species of Ursinae bears, the bears (Ursidae family) also includes the giant panda and the spectacled bear.
The giant panda belongs to the Ailuropodinae subfamily, and the spectacled bear belongs to the Tremarctinae subfamily.
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Post by brobear on May 18, 2021 4:50:12 GMT -5
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Ursinae
May 18, 2021 9:13:35 GMT -5
Post by King Kodiak on May 18, 2021 9:13:35 GMT -5
"Ursus" instead of Helarctos and Melursus. That's weird.
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Ursinae
May 18, 2021 9:32:02 GMT -5
Post by brobear on May 18, 2021 9:32:02 GMT -5
"Ursus" instead of Helarctos and Melursus. That's weird. No, it isn't weird. It's like I've said all along. Some experts place them as Ursus and some keep them separated. It's all just a matter of categorizing, nothing more. The experts seldom agree on classification issues.
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Post by King Kodiak on May 18, 2021 10:50:14 GMT -5
"Ursus" instead of Helarctos and Melursus. That's weird. No, it isn't weird. It's like I've said all along. Some experts place them as Ursus and some keep them separated. It's all just a matter of categorizing, nothing more. The experts seldom agree on classification issues. That's true. Its just that most times i am used to seeing those two as Helarctos and Melursus.
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Post by brobear on Jul 1, 2022 1:58:02 GMT -5
The history of bears (Ursidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) from Silesia (Southern Poland) and the neigh Bouring areas www.researchgate.net/publication/346848531_The_history_of_bears_Ursidae_Carnivora_Mammalia_from_Silesia_Southern_Poland_and_the_neigh_Bouring_areas Abstract and Figures Revision of the Silesian bear fauna, based on material from 152 sites, mainly cave and karstic localities, and also archaeological and open-air sites, shows the presence of 13 forms and species. These records encompass the last 16.5 Ma and may be divided into five main morphophyletic groups. The oldest bears, represented by the genera Ballusia and Ursavus, are dated to 16.5–11 Ma, and belonged to the stem forms of the subfamily Ursinae. After a break of 6 My, the earliest members of the genus Ursus appeared, and all known Pliocene bears in Silesia belong to the genus Ursus were identified as Ursus minimus. They represent one or two migration events. Additionally, between 3.6 and 3.2 Ma, a single occurrence of Agriotherium insigne was recorded from the Węże 1 site. A few Early Pleistocene bear records are represented by U. etruscus, which was a probable ancestor of both arctoid and spelaeoid bear lineages. The oldest representative of Ursus ex gr. arctos known so far and assigned to U. a. suessenbornensis is known from one latest Early Pleistocene (1.2-0.9 Ma) locality, while other Polish records of this form require confirmation. The first occurrence of U. deningeri, the oldest taxon within the U. ex gr. deningeri–spelaeus lineage, was recorded from ~700 ka deposits in Silesia. During the pronounced cold period of MIS 12, the Scandinavian ice sheet covered almost the entire modern territory of Poland, with the exception of the Sudetes and the Carpathians. The accompanying drastic faunal turnover led to the formation of the pan-Eurasian Mammoth Fauna at ~460 ka. At that time a characteristic member of this fauna, the steppe brown bear Ursus arctos priscus, a specific ecomorph adapted to live in open grasslands, appeared in this region. It survived until the beginning of MIS 1, when modern Ursus arctos arctos appeared in Silesia and survived to the present day. U. deningeri was the most common bear during the Middle Pleistocene, while the first records of U. spelaeus spelaeus appeared since MIS 7. The latter form was replaced by U. ingressus during the Late Pleistocene (~110–100 ka). Spelaeoid bears totally dominated the cave assemblage, and finally vanished between 27 and 24 ka. Size com par i son of dif fer ent Silesian bears Ballusia elmensis -Przeworno 2 (16-14.5 Ma), Ursavus brevirhinus -Opole 1 (14-13 Ma), Ursus minimus and Agriotherium in signe -Wê¿e 1 (3.6-3.2 Ma), U. etruscus -¯abia cave (1.7-1.5 Ma), U. arctos arctos -Wschodnia cave (14.3-13.2 ka), U. deningeri -Draby 3 (440-400 ka), U. rossicus -Naciekowa cave (60-40 ka), U. spelaeus spelaeus -Bioenik cave, lay ers 15-13 (200-130 ka), U. ingressus and U. arctos priscus -NiedŸwiedzia cave (100-35 ka); all bears are adult males shown at the same scale, com pared with a man 1.8 m high
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Post by brobear on Jul 1, 2022 2:00:28 GMT -5
Skulls of different bears from Silesia and neigh bour ing ar eas A -Ursus ingressus (>) from NiedŸwiedzia cave, Po land (50-40 ka, coll. no. ZP UWr/JNK/Us/1); B -Ursus minimus (>) from Wê¿e 1, Po land (3.6-3.2 Ma, coll. no. MF/833/1); C -Ursus arctos priscus (>) from Bohdalec, Czech Re pub lic (22.8-22.2 ka, coll. no. R 1916/824); D -Ursus arctos arctos (>) from nad Zagonem cave (Zielona cave, Tatra Mts), Po land (3-1 ka, coll. no. ISEZ MF/7390); all skulls shown in lat eral view, scale bar 100 mm
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Post by brobear on Jul 1, 2022 2:03:05 GMT -5
Con flict scene be tween fe male of Coelodonta antiquitatis and male of Ursus arctos priscus in Skarszyn (Trzebnickie Hills) *Note: Great artwork, but a fight between this giant cave bear and a woolly rhinoceros would certainly need be instigated by the rhino.
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